Biotechnologically produced chitosan for nanoscale products. A legal analysis.

Conventionally, chitosans are derived from shrimp and other crustacean shells. Biotechnology offers an alternative route to produce chitosans and more importantly, specific chitosan structures tailored to the needs of a diversity of industries.

However, for biotech chitosans and products thereof to be commercialised, legislation should not create a burden. Here, the requirements of the EU regulatory framework have been analysed for the entire chain from research to development and production of several potential applications including nanomaterials.

The animal or biotechnological origin leads to specific requirements in production of the raw material. No EU legislation dedicated to nanomaterials has been adopted. Instead, products are governed under the respective existing product legislation subject to extra requirements for safety assessment.

2-Thio-CTP
B7988-.05	ApexBio	50 µl (100 mM)	EUR 517
Description: Base modified ribonucleoside triphosphates

2-Thio-CTP
B7988-.1	ApexBio	100 µl (100 mM)	EUR 886
Description: Base modified ribonucleoside triphosphates

2-Thio-UTP
NU-1151L	Jena Bioscience GmbH	5 x 10µl	EUR 198.94

2-Thio-UTP
NU-1151S	Jena Bioscience GmbH	10µl	EUR 54.58

2-Thio-PAF
T19104-10mg	TargetMol Chemicals	10mg	Ask for price
Description: 2-Thio-PAF

2-Thio-PAF
T19104-1g	TargetMol Chemicals	1g	Ask for price
Description: 2-Thio-PAF

2-Thio-PAF
T19104-1mg	TargetMol Chemicals	1mg	Ask for price
Description: 2-Thio-PAF

2-Thio-PAF
T19104-50mg	TargetMol Chemicals	50mg	Ask for price
Description: 2-Thio-PAF

2-Thio-PAF
T19104-5mg	TargetMol Chemicals	5mg	Ask for price
Description: 2-Thio-PAF

2-Thio-PAF
MBS5771797-5mg	MyBiosource	5mg	EUR 915

2-Thio-PAF
MBS5771797-5x5mg	MyBiosource	5x5mg	EUR 3970

2-Thio-dTTP
B8100-.01	ApexBio	10ul (100 mM)	EUR 72

2-Thio-dTTP
B8100-.05	ApexBio	50ul (100 mM)	EUR 346

2-Thio-dTTP
B8100-.1	ApexBio	100ul (100 mM)	EUR 635

2-Thio-dCTP
B8104-.01	ApexBio	10ul (100 mM)	EUR 72

2-Thio-dCTP
B8104-.05	ApexBio	50ul (100 mM)	EUR 346

2-Thio-dCTP
B8104-.1	ApexBio	100ul (100 mM)	EUR 635

2-Thio 2'-Deoxyuridine
T350100	Toronto Research Chemicals	2.5mg	EUR 1453

2-Thio 2'-Deoxyuridine
MBS6108537-10mg	MyBiosource	10(mg	EUR 610

2-Thio 2'-Deoxyuridine
MBS6108537-5x10mg	MyBiosource	5x10mg	EUR 2600

2-Quinolineacetamide, thio-
T29374-10mg	TargetMol Chemicals	10mg	Ask for price
Description: 2-Quinolineacetamide, thio-

2-Quinolineacetamide, thio-
T29374-1g	TargetMol Chemicals	1g	Ask for price
Description: 2-Quinolineacetamide, thio-

2-Quinolineacetamide, thio-
T29374-1mg	TargetMol Chemicals	1mg	Ask for price
Description: 2-Quinolineacetamide, thio-

2-Quinolineacetamide, thio-
T29374-50mg	TargetMol Chemicals	50mg	Ask for price
Description: 2-Quinolineacetamide, thio-

2-Quinolineacetamide, thio-
T29374-5mg	TargetMol Chemicals	5mg	Ask for price
Description: 2-Quinolineacetamide, thio-

2-Quinolineacetamide, thio-
MBS5779013-INQUIRE	MyBiosource	INQUIRE	Ask for price

2-Thio-2’-deoxy Cytidine
T350050	Toronto Research Chemicals	250mg	EUR 3000
Description: 169557-13-5

2-Thio-2'-deoxy Cytidine
MBS6056856-10mg	MyBiosource	10(mg	EUR 610

2-Thio-2'-deoxy Cytidine
MBS6056856-5x10mg	MyBiosource	5x10mg	EUR 2600

6-Thio-2'-Deoxyguanosine
HY-18762	MedChemExpress	10mM/1mL	EUR 165.6

6-Thio-2'-Deoxyguanosine
T6746-10mg	TargetMol Chemicals	10mg	Ask for price
Description: 6-Thio-2'-Deoxyguanosine

6-Thio-2'-Deoxyguanosine
T6746-1g	TargetMol Chemicals	1g	Ask for price
Description: 6-Thio-2'-Deoxyguanosine

6-Thio-2'-Deoxyguanosine
T6746-1mg	TargetMol Chemicals	1mg	Ask for price
Description: 6-Thio-2'-Deoxyguanosine

6-Thio-2'-Deoxyguanosine
T6746-50mg	TargetMol Chemicals	50mg	Ask for price
Description: 6-Thio-2'-Deoxyguanosine

6-Thio-2'-Deoxyguanosine
T6746-5mg	TargetMol Chemicals	5mg	Ask for price
Description: 6-Thio-2'-Deoxyguanosine

2-Thio-6-Oxypurine_x000D__x000D_
T11515	Pfaltz & Bauer	1G	EUR 169.71

Thio-NAD
9483-1000	Biovision	each	EUR 1299.6

Thio-NAD
9483-250	Biovision	each	EUR 627.6

Thio-NAD
9483-50	Biovision	each	EUR 235.2

Thio-ITP
T40359-10mg	TargetMol Chemicals	10mg	Ask for price
Description: Thio-ITP

Thio-ITP
T40359-1g	TargetMol Chemicals	1g	Ask for price
Description: Thio-ITP

Thio-ITP
T40359-1mg	TargetMol Chemicals	1mg	Ask for price
Description: Thio-ITP

Thio-ITP
T40359-50mg	TargetMol Chemicals	50mg	Ask for price
Description: Thio-ITP

Thio-ITP
T40359-5mg	TargetMol Chemicals	5mg	Ask for price
Description: Thio-ITP

Thio-ITP
MBS5800620-5mg	MyBiosource	5(mg	EUR 915

Thio-ITP
MBS5800620-5x5mg	MyBiosource	5x5(mg	EUR 3970

Thio-TEPA
B3742-1000	ApexBio	1 g	EUR 61
Description: alkylating agent used to treat cancer

Thio-TEPA
B3742-5.1	ApexBio	10 mM (in 1mL DMSO)	EUR 44
Description: alkylating agent used to treat cancer

Thio-TEPA
HY-17574	MedChemExpress	100mg	EUR 142.8

Thio-TEPA
T1250-10mg	TargetMol Chemicals	10mg	Ask for price
Description: Thio-TEPA

Thio-TEPA
T1250-1g	TargetMol Chemicals	1g	Ask for price
Description: Thio-TEPA

Thio-TEPA
T1250-1mg	TargetMol Chemicals	1mg	Ask for price
Description: Thio-TEPA

Thio-TEPA
T1250-50mg	TargetMol Chemicals	50mg	Ask for price
Description: Thio-TEPA

Thio-TEPA
T1250-5mg	TargetMol Chemicals	5mg	Ask for price
Description: Thio-TEPA

Thio-TEPA
B3742-100	ApexBio	100mg	EUR 192
Description: DNA Damage/DNA Repair|DNA Alkylating

Thio-TEPA
B3742-25	ApexBio	25mg	EUR 72
Description: DNA Damage/DNA Repair|DNA Alkylating

Thio-TEPA
B3742-50	ApexBio	50mg	EUR 108
Description: DNA Damage/DNA Repair|DNA Alkylating

Thio-TEPA
MBS3604840-100mg	MyBiosource	100mg	EUR 200

Thio-TEPA
MBS3604840-200mg	MyBiosource	200mg	EUR 225

Thio-TEPA
MBS3604840-5x200mg	MyBiosource	5x200mg	EUR 695

1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)thio]-2-propanone
MBS6059378-500mg	MyBiosource	500(mg	EUR 610

1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)thio]-2-propanone
MBS6059378-5x500mg	MyBiosource	5x500mg	EUR 2600

2-((2-Isopropylphenyl)thio)benzoic Acid
I873908	Toronto Research Chemicals	100mg	EUR 87

thiO Antibody
1-CSB-PA521738LA01BRJ	Cusabio	Ask for price Ask for price	100ug 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against thiO. Recognizes thiO from Bacillus subtilis. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

2-[(Diphenylmethyl)thio]acetic Acid
D491830	Toronto Research Chemicals	500mg	EUR 110
Description: 63547-22-8

2-[(3,3,3-Trifluoropropyl)thio]adenosine
T792665	Toronto Research Chemicals	100mg	EUR 1800
Description: 163706-51-2

Thio-Nicotinamide-Adenine Dinucleotide, Oxidized (Thio-NAD)
MBS682168-1g	MyBiosource	1g	EUR 785

Thio-Nicotinamide-Adenine Dinucleotide, Reduced (Thio-NADH)
MBS682171-100mg	MyBiosource	100mg	EUR 540

Thio-Nicotinamide-Adenine Dinucleotide, Oxidized (Thio-NAD)
MBS682174-100mg	MyBiosource	100mg	EUR 380

Ethyl 2-thio-β-D-fructofuranoside
GC2672	Glentham Life Sciences	100mg	EUR 1083.98

Ethyl 2-thio-α-D-fructofuranoside
GC8803	Glentham Life Sciences	250mg	EUR 1263.27

Ethyl 2-thio-α-D-fructofuranoside
GC8803-1	Glentham Life Sciences	1	EUR 857.7

Ethyl 2-thio-α-D-fructofuranoside
GC8803-2	Glentham Life Sciences	2	EUR 1379.7

Ethyl 2-thio-α-D-fructofuranoside
GC8803-250	Glentham Life Sciences	250	EUR 344.8

Ethyl 2-thio-α-D-fructofuranoside
GC8803-500	Glentham Life Sciences	500	EUR 522

Ethyl 2-thio-β-D-fructofuranoside
GC2672-100	Glentham Life Sciences	100	EUR 242.4

Ethyl 2-thio-β-D-fructofuranoside
GC2672-250	Glentham Life Sciences	250	EUR 400.9

Ethyl 2-thio-β-D-fructofuranoside
GC2672-500	Glentham Life Sciences	500	EUR 680.5

Ethyl 2-thio-β-D-fructofuranoside
GC2672-1	Glentham Life Sciences	1	EUR 1183.8

Urea, 1-(L-glucosyl)-2-thio-
T35002-10mg	TargetMol Chemicals	10mg	Ask for price
Description: Urea, 1-(L-glucosyl)-2-thio-

Urea, 1-(L-glucosyl)-2-thio-
T35002-1g	TargetMol Chemicals	1g	Ask for price
Description: Urea, 1-(L-glucosyl)-2-thio-

Urea, 1-(L-glucosyl)-2-thio-
T35002-1mg	TargetMol Chemicals	1mg	Ask for price
Description: Urea, 1-(L-glucosyl)-2-thio-

Urea, 1-(L-glucosyl)-2-thio-
T35002-50mg	TargetMol Chemicals	50mg	Ask for price
Description: Urea, 1-(L-glucosyl)-2-thio-

Urea, 1-(L-glucosyl)-2-thio-
T35002-5mg	TargetMol Chemicals	5mg	Ask for price
Description: Urea, 1-(L-glucosyl)-2-thio-

Urea, 1-(L-glucosyl)-2-thio-
MBS5784483-INQUIRE	MyBiosource	INQUIRE	Ask for price

2-[(2-Nitrophenyl)thio]acetic Acid Hydrazide
N506005	Toronto Research Chemicals	1g	EUR 1800
Description: 4871-40-3

6-Thio-dG
B6009-10	ApexBio	10 mg	EUR 126
Description: telomere disrupting compound

6-Thio-dG
B6009-25	ApexBio	25 mg	EUR 278
Description: telomere disrupting compound

6-Thio-dG
B6009-5	ApexBio	5 mg	EUR 86
Description: telomere disrupting compound

6-Thio-dG
B6009-50	ApexBio	50mg	EUR 437
Description: telomere disrupting compound

6-thio-dG
561277	MedKoo Biosciences	5.0mg	EUR 250

6-Thio-dG
MBS3841242-10mg	MyBiosource	10mg	EUR 170

6-Thio-dG
MBS3841242-25mg	MyBiosource	25mg	EUR 245

6-Thio-dG
MBS3841242-50mg	MyBiosource	50mg	EUR 380

6-Thio-dG
MBS3841242-5x50mg	MyBiosource	5x50mg	EUR 1710

6-Thio-dG
MBS3609102-50mg	MyBiosource	50mg	EUR 440

6-Thio-dG
MBS3609102-5x50mg	MyBiosource	5x50mg	EUR 1665

4-Thio-UTP
B7978-.01	ApexBio	10 µl (100 mM)	EUR 138

4-Thio-UTP
B7978-.05	ApexBio	50 µl (100 mM)	EUR 659

4-Thio-UTP
B7978-.1	ApexBio	100 µl (100 mM)	EUR 1210

6-Thio-GTP
NU-1106L	Jena Bioscience GmbH	5 x 150µl	EUR 461.7

6-Thio-GTP
NU-1106S	Jena Bioscience GmbH	150µl	EUR 157.6

6-Thio-GDP
NU-1120L	Jena Bioscience GmbH	5 x 50µl	EUR 439.5

6-Thio-GDP
NU-1120S	Jena Bioscience GmbH	50µl	EUR 150.1

6-Thio-GMP
NU-1121L	Jena Bioscience GmbH	5 x 150µl	EUR 461.7

6-Thio-GMP
NU-1121S	Jena Bioscience GmbH	150µl	EUR 157.6

4-Thio-UMP
NU-1154L	Jena Bioscience GmbH	5 x 50µl	EUR 439.5

4-Thio-UMP
NU-1154S	Jena Bioscience GmbH	50µl	EUR 150.1

4-Thio-UDP
NU-1155L	Jena Bioscience GmbH	5 x 20µl	EUR 439.5

4-Thio-UDP
NU-1155S	Jena Bioscience GmbH	20µl	EUR 150.1

4-Thio-UTP
NU-1156L	Jena Bioscience GmbH	5 x 10µl	EUR 352.16

4-Thio-UTP
NU-1156S	Jena Bioscience GmbH	10µl	EUR 103.1

2-[(4-Methylphenyl)thio]propanoic Acid
M339405	Toronto Research Chemicals	100mg	EUR 69
Description: 17431-98-0

4-Thio-dTTP
B8103-.01	ApexBio	10ul (100 mM)	EUR 58

4-Thio-dTTP
B8103-.05	ApexBio	50ul (100 mM)	EUR 271

4-Thio-dTTP
B8103-.1	ApexBio	100ul (100 mM)	EUR 466

6-Thio-dGTP
B8106-.01	ApexBio	10ul (100 mM)	EUR 186

6-Thio-dGTP
B8106-.05	ApexBio	50ul (100 mM)	EUR 854

6-Thio-dGTP
B8106-.1	ApexBio	100ul (100 mM)	EUR 1673

6-Thio-GpCp
NU-417L	Jena Bioscience GmbH	5 x 30µl	EUR 461.7

6-Thio-GpCp
NU-417S	Jena Bioscience GmbH	30µl	EUR 157.6

6-Thio-dGTP
NU-1213L	Jena Bioscience GmbH	5 x 50µl	EUR 439

6-Thio-dGTP
NU-1213S	Jena Bioscience GmbH	50µl	EUR 150

2-[(Diphenylmethyl)thio]acetic Acid-d10
D491832	Toronto Research Chemicals	50mg	EUR 150

2-[(Diphenylmethyl)thio]acetic Acid-d10
MBS6110381-5mg	MyBiosource	5(mg	EUR 485

2-[(Diphenylmethyl)thio]acetic Acid-d10
MBS6110381-5x5mg	MyBiosource	5x5(mg	EUR 2025

6-Thio-GppCp
NU-418L	Jena Bioscience GmbH	5 x 50µl	EUR 461.7

6-Thio-GppCp
NU-418S	Jena Bioscience GmbH	50µl	EUR 157.6

1,4-Dichloro-2-[(chloromethyl)thio]-benzene
D294560	Toronto Research Chemicals	100mg	EUR 800
Description: 54583-12-9

6-Thio-GppNHp
NU-419L	Jena Bioscience GmbH	5 x 30µl	EUR 461.7

6-Thio-GppNHp
NU-419S	Jena Bioscience GmbH	30µl	EUR 157.6

2'-Deoxy-4'-thio-5-azacytidine-15N4
D211887	Toronto Research Chemicals	100mg	EUR 23000

2-[[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]thio]benzenamine
D441560	Toronto Research Chemicals	250mg	EUR 800
Description: 1134-77-6

4-Thio-uridine
N-1090-100	Jena Bioscience GmbH	100mg	EUR 210.3

4-Thio-uridine
N-1090-250	Jena Bioscience GmbH	250mg	EUR 382.4

2-((Thiophene-2-carbonyl)thio)propanoic-3,3,3-D3 Acid
T814662	Toronto Research Chemicals	25mg	EUR 1800

Palmitoyl thio-PC
T37244-10mg	TargetMol Chemicals	10mg	Ask for price
Description: Palmitoyl thio-PC

Palmitoyl thio-PC
T37244-1g	TargetMol Chemicals	1g	Ask for price
Description: Palmitoyl thio-PC

Palmitoyl thio-PC
T37244-1mg	TargetMol Chemicals	1mg	Ask for price
Description: Palmitoyl thio-PC

Palmitoyl thio-PC
T37244-50mg	TargetMol Chemicals	50mg	Ask for price
Description: Palmitoyl thio-PC

Palmitoyl thio-PC
T37244-5mg	TargetMol Chemicals	5mg	Ask for price
Description: Palmitoyl thio-PC

2-[[(Methylsulfonyl)thio]methyl]-1,4-naphthoquinone
M329455	Toronto Research Chemicals	100mg	EUR 184

Arachidonoyl thio-PC
T37580-10mg	TargetMol Chemicals	10mg	Ask for price
Description: Arachidonoyl thio-PC

Arachidonoyl thio-PC
T37580-1g	TargetMol Chemicals	1g	Ask for price
Description: Arachidonoyl thio-PC

Arachidonoyl thio-PC
T37580-1mg	TargetMol Chemicals	1mg	Ask for price
Description: Arachidonoyl thio-PC

Arachidonoyl thio-PC
T37580-50mg	TargetMol Chemicals	50mg	Ask for price
Description: Arachidonoyl thio-PC

Arachidonoyl thio-PC
T37580-5mg	TargetMol Chemicals	5mg	Ask for price
Description: Arachidonoyl thio-PC

Arachidonoyl thio-PC
MBS5798442-10mg	MyBiosource	10mg	EUR 395

Arachidonoyl thio-PC
MBS5798442-25mg	MyBiosource	25(mg	EUR 835

Arachidonoyl thio-PC
MBS5798442-5mg	MyBiosource	5(mg	EUR 250

While a knowledge gap exists on hazards related to nanomaterials in general, there is a need to establish realistic regulatory study designs to assess the safety of specific products. Furthermore, as many of the existing chitosan applications are not considered nanomaterials, it would be discriminatory to treat biotechnology derived products differently.